Summaries of Morphology and Grammar and Vocabulary and Cultural Subjects by chapter:
Chapter I -
Grammar & Morphology:
• learn nominatives, singular and plural of first & second declension nouns & adjectives
• learn est and sunt
• learn simple conjunctions & adverbs
• how to ask questions
• word order
Vocabulary: fluvius, insula, oppidum, oceanus, imperium, provincia, numerus, littera, vocabulum, capitulum, syllaba, exemplum, pensum, magnus, parvus, Graecus, Romanus, Latinus, multi, pauci, unus, duo, tres, sex, mille, primus, secundus, tertius, est, sunt, in, et, sed, non, quoque, -ne?, ubi?, num?, quid?, grammatica, singularis, pluralis
Chapter II -
Grammar & Morphology:
• genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
• more conjunctions
• interrogative pronouns (quis, quae, quid)
• genitive case singular and plural of first & second declension nouns and adjectives
• forms of unus and duo
Vocabulary: vir, femina, puer, puella, familia, pater, mater, filius, filia, liberi, servus, dominus, ancilla, domina, liber, titulus,pagina, antiquus, novus, ceteri, meus, tuus, centum, duae, tria, -que, quis? quae? qui? cuius? quot? masculinum, femininum, neutrum, genetivus
Chapter III –
Grammar & Morphology:
• third singular verb forms for 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugation verbs, transitive & intransitive
• accusative singular of 1st & 2nd declension nouns & adjectives
• use of accusative as direct object with transitive verbs
• pronouns eam & eum, me & te
• question word cur (correlated with conjunction quia)
• concept of needing no express subject
• negative conjunction neque
• relative pronoun qui/quae
• accusative form of interrogative pronoun quem, and of relative pronoun quem/quam/quod
Vocabulary: scaena, persona, mamma, laetus, iratus, probus, improbus, cantat, pulsat, plort, ridet, videt, vocat, venit, interrogat, respondet, dormit, audit, verberat, me, te, eum, eam, neque, iam, cur, quia, o, hic, qui, quae, quem, quam, nominativus, accusativus, verbum.
Culture: the Roman family and household
Chapter IV-
Grammar & Morphology:
• vocative for 2nd declension –us nouns
• imperative singular for 1st – 4th conjugations
• classification of verbs in four conjugations
• indicative mood, 3rd singular in four conjugations
• pronouns is and eius
• distinction between suus, -a, -um and eius
Vocabulary: sacculus, pecunia, nummus, mensa, baculum, vacuus, bonus, quattuor; quinque, septem, octo, novem, decem, havet, numerat, adest, abest, salutat, tacet, accusat, ponit, sumit, discedit, imperat, paret, nulus, eius, suus, is, quod, rursus, tantum, salve, vocativus, imperativus, indicativus
Culture: relationship between master and slave in Roman household
Chapter V –
Grammar & Morphology:
• accusative singular & plural for 1st & 2nd declension nouns & adjectives
• prepositions governing the ablative: ab, cum, ex, in, sine
• ablative singular and plural for 1st & 2nd declension nouns & adjectives
• forms of personal pronoun is, ea, id (except dative)
• imperatives and 3rd person plurals of verbs in four conjugations
• verbs that can be transitive or intransitive
• idiom: age! & agite!
Vocabulary: villa, hortus, rosa, lilium, nasus, ostium, fenestra, atrium, impluvium, aqua, peristylum, cubiculum, pulcher, foedus, solus, habitat, amat, carpit, delectat, agit, etiam, cum, sine, ab, ex, ea, id, eo, ea, ii, eae, ea, eos, eas, eorum, earum, iis, ablativus;
Culture: lay-out and features of the Roman villa
Capitulum VI –
Grammar & Morphology:
• prepositions governing accusative case (ad, ante, apud, circum, inter, per, post, prope)
• interrogative particles quo & unde
• ab becomes a before consonant
• motion to and from named towns & cities uses accusative and ablative without preposition
• location in named towns & cities uses locative case (same as genitive case for 1st & 2nd declensions)
• passive voice 3rd person singular & plural
• ablative of personal agent and ablative of means or instrument
Vocabulary: via, murus, porta, lectica, saccus, umerus, amicus, inimicus, equus, amica, longus, malus, fessus, duodecim, it, eunt, portat, ambulat, vehit, timet, intrat, tam, quam, inter, proper, procul ab, circum, ad, ante, post, apud, per, nam, itaque, autem, unde? quo? praeposition, locativus, activum, passivum;
Culture: Roman roads
Capitulum VII –
Grammar & Morphology:
• dative case for 1st & 2nd declension nouns & personal & interrogative pronouns
• reflexive pronoun se
• in + accusative = motion
• in + ablative = location
• question particles nonne & num
• salve & salvete
• conjunctions: et. . . et, neque. . . neque, non solum. . . sed etiam
• demonstrative pronouns: hic, haec, hoc
• compounding verbs (adest, abest, inest, advenit, adit, exit, abit)
Vocabulary - oculus, lacrima, speculum, ostiarius, malum, pirum, osculum, formosus, plenus, exspectat, tenet, lacrimat, aperit, claudit, vertit, terget, inest, dat, currit, es, se, immo, solum, illic, e, ei, iis, cui, dativus
Culture - master/slave; parent/child
Capitulum VIII –
Grammar & morphology:
• interrogative, relative and demonstrative pronouns
• their use as adjectives
• i-stem verbs
• tantus/quantus
• ablative of instrument
• ablative of price with emere, vendere, constare
• dative of indirect object
Vocabulary: taberna, gemma, margarita, tabernarius, ornamentum, anulus, linea, digitus, collum, pretium, sestertius, pecuniosus, gemmatus, medius, quartus, viginti, octoginta, nonaginta, vendit, consistitemit, aspicit, abit, accipit, ornat, clamat, monstrat, ostendit, constat, convenit, alius, ille, tantus, quantus, satis, nimis, aut, pronomen
Culture: shops and merchants
Capitulum IX –
Grammar & Morphology:
• forms of masculine & feminine nouns of the 3rd declension (consonant stems and i-stems)
• irregular forms for est/edunt and duc/ducite; prepositions supra & sub
• intensive pronoun ipse, -a, -um
• temporal conjunction dum
• assimilation of ad & in when compounded
Vocabulary: campus, pastor, canis, ovis, cibus, herba, rivus, panis, mons, vallis, collis, arbor, silva, lupus, sol, caelum, terra, nubes, umbra, vestigium, timor, dens, clamor, modus, niger, albus, undecentum, est, edunt, bibit, lucet, petit, ducit, iacet, relinquit, latrat, errat, quaerit, reperit, ululat, balat, accurrit, imponit, ipse, procul, supra, sub, dum, ut, declinatio, declinat
Culture: shepherd & sheep
Capitulum X –
Grammar & Morphology:
• more masculine & feminine 3rd declension nouns contrasted with neuter 3rd declension nouns
• conjunctions cum & quod
• potest/possunt as compound of est/sunt
• infinitives (present active & passive)
• irregular verb vult/volunt
• impersonal necesse est + dative
• irregular infinitive esse
• ablative of manner
Vocabulary: aer, ala, pes, cauda, petasus, deus, mercator, nuntius, mare, flumen, anima, pulmo, animal, nidus, ramus, folium, ovum, pullus, pila, vox, lectus, ferus, vivus, mortuus, crassus, tenuis, perterritus, capere, volare, natare, movere, facere, vivere, spirare, parere, ludere, canere, audere, occultare, ascendere, sustinere, cadere, potest/possunt, vult, volunt, necesse est, nemo, cum, quod, enim, ergo, infinitivus
Culture: animals & people
Capitulum XI –
Grammar & Morphology:
• more neuter 3rd declension nouns including i-stems
• accusative & infinitive with videre, audire, sentire iubere, dicere, putare, gaudere, necesse est – indirect speech
• conjunctions atque & ac
• preposition de
• ablative of respect (e.g., pede aeger)
Vocabulary: corpus, membrum, bracchium, crus, manus, caput, auris, os, capillus, frons gena cerebrum, labrum, lingua, pectus, cor, sanguis, vena, color, iecur, vener, viscera, medicus, poculum, culter, humanus, stultus, ruber, sanus, aeger, noster, bene, male, fluere, sanare, sedere, stare, tangere, arcessere, iubere, revenire, aegrotare, dicere, spectare, dolere, apponere, sentire, horrere, palpitare, putare, gaudere, detergere, posse, modo, super, infra, de, atque, nec
Culture: parts of the body; Roman medical practice
Capitulum XII –
Grammar & Morphology:
• possessive dative
• case endings for fourth declension nouns
• use of dative with imperare & parere
• declension of third declension adjectives and comparatives
• partitive genitive
• the usages of mille & milia
• accusative of extent
• 3rd conjugation verbs with stem in –i
• infinitive ferre
• irregular imperatives dic, duc, fac, fer
Vocabulary: frater, soror, nomen, praenomen, cognomen, avunculus, miles, scutum, gladius, pilum, arma, arcus, sagitta, pugnus, hasta, pedes, eques, pars, finis, patria, hostis, bellum, exercitus, dux, castra, passus, fossa, vallum, equitatus, impetus, metus, versus, milia, tristis, armatus, brevis, gravis, levis, barbarus, altus, latus, fortis, vester, ferre, pugnare, incolere, dividere, oppugnare, metuere, militare, defendere, iacere, expugnare, fugere, contra, ac, adiectivum, comparativus
Culture: military matters & names
Capitulum XIII –
Grammar & Morphology:
• fifth declension forms
• the five declensions compared
• nomina mensium
• ablative of time when
• cardinal & ordinal numbers
• past or preterite tense
• superlative degree of adverbs & forms
• infinitive velle
• conjunctions vel & aut
Vocabulary: annus, mensis, dies, saeculum, tempus, facies, mane, vesper nox, initium, hora, meridies, luna, stella, lux, forma, kalendae, idus, nonae, aequinoctium, aestas, hiems, ver, autumnus, imber, nix, lacus, glaces, urbs, postremus, dimidius, aequus, clarus, totus, obscurus, exiguus, calidus, frigidus, indeclinabilis, undecim, triginta, sexaginta, ducenti, trecenti, quintus, sextus, septimus, octavus, nonus, decimus, undecimus, duodecimus, nominare, illustrare, incipere, operire, velle, erat/erant, vel, tunc, nunc, igitur, item, quando, superlativus
Culture: the Roman Calendar, seasons of the year, names of days
Capitulum XIV –
Grammar & Morphology:
• forms and uses of uter, neuter, alter and uterque
• subject-verb agreement
• dative of interest
• dative and ablative of duo, duae, duo
• forms and functions of present participles (adjective with verbal qualities)
• dative and ablative of ego & tu (mihi & me & tibi & te)
• use of pronouns with preposition cum
• defective verb inquit
• senses of omnis
Vocabulary: gallus, vestimentum, tunica, toga, calceus, parentes, tabula, stilus, regula, res, apertus, clausus, sordidus, purus, nudus, togatus, dexter, sinister, omnis, cubare, vigilare, valere, excitare, surgere, afferre, lavare, mergere, solere, frigere, poscere, vestire, induere, gerere, inquit, uterque, neuter, alter, uter, mihi, ubi, mecum, tecum, secum, nihil, quomodo, hodie, adjuc, primum, deinde, praeter, an, vale, participium
Culture: attire (men & boys); morning activities; school supplies
Capitulum XV –
Grammar & Morphology:
• person as a quality of verbs: 1st, 2nd & 3rd personal verb endings, singular & plural
• third -io verbs (facere, accipere, aspicere, capere, fugere, iacere, incipere, parere)
• personal pronouns, ego, tu, is/hic/ille, nos, vos, ei/hi/illi
• possessive adjectives: meus, tuus, noster, vester
• forms of the verbs ire, esse & posse in present tense, all persons, singular & plural
• accusative of exclamation
• impersonal verb licere + dative
Vocabulary: ludus, magister, discipulus, virga, sella, ianua, verum, tergum, malum, lectulus, severus, tacitus, verus, posterior, inferior, prior, punire, considere, exclamare, desinere, redire, reddere, recitare, licere, sum, es, sumus, estis, ego, tu, nos vos, nondum, statim, tum, quid, domi, antequam, at, si, nisi
Culture: Education (at the level of the ludus litterarum)
Capitulum XVI –
Grammar & Morphology:
• deponent verbs (passive in form but active in meaning)
• ablative absolute (noun + adjective, noun + participle, noun + noun)
• multum or paulum with partitive genitive
• multo and paulo with the comparative adjective
• ablative of separation
• loco without preposition to mean location
• pure i-stems (puppis and Tiberis)
• masculine first declension nouns (e.g., nauta)
• irregular verb forms: eo, ire; fio, fieri
Vocabulary: navis, portus, locus, ora, merx, nauta, ventus, tempestas, fluctus, velum, puppis, gubernator, oriens, occidens, septentriones, altum, tonitrus, fulgur, situs, superus, inferus, maritimus, tranquillus, turbidus, contrarius, serenus, ater, interesse, appellare, navigare, influere, opperiri, flare, turbare, implere, egredi, gubernare, oriri, occidere, conscendere, proficisci, sequi, cernere, laetare, vereri, intueri, labi, complecti, consolari, loqui, invocare, iactare, haurire, servare, conari, fieri, paulum, semper, simul, vix, praeterea, iterum, sive, vero, propter, deponens
Culture: directions (N,E,S,W) and sailing
Capitulum XVII –
Grammar & Morphology:
• cardinal numbers: unus to nonaginta;centum to mille
• numerical adjectives: tot & quot
• formation of ordinal numbers for tens 20 – 90 and hundreds 100 – 1000
• passive voice personal endings for all four conjugations
• formation of adjectives in 1st & 2nd declensions
• irregular verb dare, dedisse, datum
Vocabulary – responsum, as, denarius, doctus, indoctus, piger, prudens, industrius, rectus, pravus, facilis, difficilis, absens, certus, incertus, largus, centesimus, tredecim quattuordecim, quindecim, sedecim, septendecim, duodeviginti, undeviginti, quadraginta, quinquaginta, septuaginta, quadringenti, quingenti, sescenti, septingenti, octingenti, nongenti, discere, docere, scire, nescire, tollere, interpellare, laudare, cogitare, reprehendere, promere, opertere, computare, reponere, largiri, demonstrare, partiti, quisque, tot, postremo, recte, prave, aeque, usque, numquam, saepe, quamquam, quare
Culture – Roman system of money (4 asses = sestertius; 4 sestertii = denarius; 25 denarii = aureus)
Capitulum XVIII –
Grammar & Morphology:
• demonstrative pronouns and adjectives: idem, eadem, idem and quisque, quaeque, quodque
• formation of adverbs from adjectives of 1st, 2nd and 3rd declension adjectives, in positive, comparative and superlative degrees
• numeral adverbs (quot, tot, semel, bis, ter, quater, quinquies, sexies, decies, etc)
• passive forms of facere from fio, fieri, factus sum
• conjunction cum
Vocabulary - vocalis, consonans, zephyrus, sententia, erus, mendum, cera, materia, apis, ferrum, epistula, calamus, charta, papyrus, merces, rarus, frequens, varius, turpis, mollis, durus, qualis, talis, impiger, iungere, coniungere, significare, legere, intellegere, scribere, dictare, comparare, exaudire, deesse, addere, corrigere, premere, efficere, animadvertere, superesse, delere, signare, imprimere, sic, ita, adverbium
Culture – more about school: spelling and writing
Capitulum XIX –
Grammar & Morphology:
• forms of comparative and suplerlative degrees of irregular adjectives
• use of superlative with partitive genitive
• genitive and dative forms of irregular adjectives (nullus, ullus, totus, solus, unus, etc)
• forms and senses of preterite (imperfect) tense
• forms of imperfect tense of esse
• irregular forms of domus
• vocatives of –ius nouns of 2nd declension
Vocabulary - uxor, maritus, columna, signum, tectum, dea, coniunx, matrona, amor, pulchritudo, adulescens, virgo, domus, templum, forum, donum, flos, melior, peior, optimus, pessimus, maior, minor, maximus, minimus, magnificus, plures, plurimi, dives, pauper, miser, beatus, dignus, gracilis, convenire, possidere, mittere, remittere, osculari, minuere, augere, opus esse, mi, ullus, tamen, cotidie, minus, plus, erga, praesens, praeteritum
Culture – more about the Roman household; deities and religious practices; marriage customs
Capitulum XX –
Grammar & Morphology:
• forms of the future tense for all four conjugations in all persons and numbers, indicative mood, of all regular verbs and esse & ire
• 1st & 2nd person, singular & plural, present tense forms for irregular verbs velle, nolle
• use of accusative and ablative form of domus without preposition
• locative form of domus
• ablative & dative plural of nos & vos
Vocabulary - infans, cunae, somnus, lac, mulier, nutrix, gradus, sermo, filiola, filiolus, colloquium, officium, silentium, parvulus, necessarius, alienus, futurus, umidus, fari, carere, postulare, vagire, alere, colloqui, volo, vis, volumus, vultis, manere, pergere, curare, debere, occurrere, silere, advehere, reverti, diligere, decere, nolle, domo, mox, magis, raro, cras, adversus, ad...versus, noli, nolite, sive...sive, profecto, minime, una cum
Culture – more about the Roman household; child rearing practices; relationships between parents and children
Capitulum XXI –
Grammar & Morphology:
• distinction between tempus praeteritum imperfectum and tempus praeteritum perfectum
• personal endings of the perfect tense
• perfect stems
• present and perfect infinitives
• perfect participle, perfect passive forms, perfect passive infinitive
• neuter 4th declension nouns
• indefinite pronoun aliquis, aliquid
• substantive use of neuter plural of adjectives (multa, omnia, haec, etc)
Vocabulary - vestis, genu, humus, cruor, bos, cornu, causa, porcus, pugna, sordes, solum, tabella, mundus, candidus, angustus, validus, indignus, falsus, cognoscere, conspicere, excusare, vincere, narrare, mutare, mentiri, credere, fallere, dubitare, fuisse, aio, ais, ait, ain’, aliquis, aliquid, humi, interim, postquam, perfectum, imperfectum
Culture – more about the Roman household and daily life: Marcus gets in a fight after school, steals a school-mate’s tabella and lies to his parents
Capitulum XXII –
Grammar & Morphology:
• form and uses of the supine (to express purpose with verbs of motion; in the ablative to express respect with certain adjectives)
• organize the three verbal stems: present, perfect and supine
• organize infinitives into present active, perfect active and perfect passive
• indefinite pronouns quis and quid after si, num, nisi and ne
• the demonstrative pronoun iste, ista, istud
• the ablative absolute with perfect participle contrasted with present participle
Vocabulary - foris, limen, cardo, ianitor, catena, aurum, lignum, faber, tabellarius, imago, pallium, aureus, ferox, ferreus, aureus, ligneus, custodire, admittere, vincire, rogitare, fremere, mordere, retinere, cavere, monere, resistere, solvere, terrere, accedere, salire, rumpere, cedere, prehendere, recedere, procedere, sinere, deridere, tremere, pellere, removere, arbitrari, scindere, scilicet, antea, postea, prius, tandem, nuper, foris, foras, sicut, quin, extra, intra, supinum
Culture – more about the Roman household and daily life: a mailman delivers a letter and meets the doorkeeper and his dog
Capitulum XXIII –
Grammar & Morphology:
• forms and uses of the future active participle: supine stem + -urus, -a, -um
• forms and uses of the future active infinitive: future active participle + esse
• form and use of the future passive infinitive: supine + iri
• impersonal verb pudet + acc (& gen)
• vowel change in perfect stems (legisse, fugisse, fecisse), different stems (tulisse), reduplication (dedisse)
• present participle of ire (iens, euntis)
Vocabulary - signum, litterae, vultus, laus, factum, pudor, promissum, verbera clavis, comes, integer, pallidus, planus, superior, tradere, dimittere, debere, continere, salutem dicere, pallere, solvere, merere, avertere, inscribere, negare, fateri, perdere, pudere, rubere, promittere, includere, comitari, illinc, hinc, quidnam? quisnam? fortasse, umquam, posthac, antehac, heri, ob
Culture - letter writing and family life
Capitulum XXIV –
Grammar & Morphology:
• forms and meaning of the pluperfect tense in the active and passive voices
• forms and meaning of the perfect tense of deponent verbs, including perfect participles
• ablative of comparison
• different senses of noscere and novi
• adverbs with long o ending
Vocabulary - latus, sonus, strepitus, dolor, os, tumultus, aegrotus, laevus, par, impar, subitus, cruentus, convertere, mirari, recumbere, percutere, frangere, flere, pati, ignorare, nosere, cupere, iuxta, denuo, subito, continuo, erto, primo, valde, aliter, intus, etsi, ceterum, plusquamperfectum
Culture - more about family life: Quintus has a damaged foot; Marcus is being punished by being sent to his room; Syra relates the recent events to Quintus
Capitulum XXV -
Grammar & Morphology:
• place names (cities and small islands) in the plural: ablative and locative forms
• forms of the imperative, singular & plural of deponent verbs
• objective genitive
• adjectives with genitive (cupidus, amans)
• special verbs with genitive (oblivisci)
• iubere and velle with accusative & infinitive (active & passive)
• perfect participle of deponent verbs
Vocabulary - fabula, agnus, currus, moenia, monstrum, taurus, labyrinthus, aedificium, mors, rex, expugnatio, gloria, auxilium, civis, exitus, filum, mora, nex, litus, saxum, conspectus, cupiditas, narratio, humilis, timidus, terribilis, mirabilis, saevus, cupidus, paratus, regere, trahere, interficere, aedificare, vorare, patere, necare, constituere, occidere, pollicere, prospicere, descendere, maerere, deserere, oblivisci, coepisse, complures, forte, quotannis, olim, ibi, illuc huc, brevi
Culture - Syra recounts to Quintus the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur
Capitulum XXVI –
Grammar & Morphology:
• forms and uses of the gerund (accusative case after ad; genitive case with nouns or as objective genitive; ablative with causa/gratia, with in/de¸& alone as ablative of means)
• three ending and one ending 3rd declension adjectives
• irregular superlatives summus and infimus
• declension of the aer, aeris, m, word borrowed from Greek
• use of neque before indefinite pronoun in negative expressions (et nemo = neque ullus, etc)
• future imperative esto & estote
• passive of videre = “seem” and its use with dative
Vocabulary - fuga, consilium, carcer, orbis, natura, ars, opus, penna, ignis, lacertus, libertas, multitudo, paeninsula, casus, celer, reliquus, audax, liber, studiosus, ingens, infimus, summus, cautus, temerarius, propinquus, persequi, consequi, conficere, consumere, invenire, effugere, iuvare, excogitare, imitari, evolare, perficere, molliere, figere, levare, urere, suspicere, despicere, accidere, quatere, aberrare, revocare, videri, esto, quisquam, sursum, deorsum, haud, paena, quidem tamquam, quoniam, verum, sin, trans, gerundium
Culture - Syra recounts to Quintus the myth of Daedalus & Icarus
Capitulum XXVII –
Grammar & Morphology:
• forms of the subjunctive mood present tense for the four conjugations and irregular verb esse
• use of the subjunctive mood with verbs of petition or command (verba postulandi et curandi) after ut/ne
• use of neve to introduce second of two negative clauses
• more ablative uses: of separation (with pellere and prohibere) and of instrument
• neuter plural forms of locus, loci to mean locations, places
• prepositions with ablative: prae, pro, abs
• expresssion for “as . . . as possible” = quam + superlative +/- potest
Vocabulary - ager, frumentum, agricola, negotium, aratrum, instrumentum, semen, falx, regio, fruges, pecus, pabulum, lana, copia, vitis, vinea, uva, vinum, praedium, labor, rus, otium, colonus, patientia, cura, preces, calor, frigus, grex, amoenus, maturus, rudis, fertilis, suburbanus, urbanus, patiens, rusticus, gravidus, siccus, neglegens, nequam, immaturus, inhumanus, tricesimus, quiescere, cingere, crescere, metere, arare, serere, colere, spargere, uti, pascere, invehere, rigare, laborare, existimare, censere, proicere, orare, rapere, neglegere, prodesse, nocere, prohibere, quidam, parum, tantum, denique, circa, prae, pro, abs, –ve, ne, coniunctivue
Culture - Roman agriculture: farms, farming, farmers, farm equipment
Capitulum XXVIII –
Grammar & Morphology:
• forms of the subjunctive mood imperfect tense for the four conjugations and irregular verb esse
• sequence of tenses rules
• purpose clauses with ut and ne
• result clauses with ut and ut non
• use of ut as comparative conjunction
• distinction between verba dicendi et sentiendi and verba postulandi et curandi
• introduction to verbs governing either accusative + infinitive or ut/ne clause
Vocabulary - fretum, animus, turba, fama, libellus, dictum, princeps, tibicen, potestas, mundus, navicula, vigilia, phantasma, tranquillitas, vorago, periculum, praedo, peculium, caecus, surdus, mutus, claudus, universus, mortalis, immortalis, constans, salvus, attentus, tutus, periculosus, quadragesimus, disiungere, eicere, cessare, oboedire, adorare, nasci, mori, extendere, apprehendere, memorare, rogare, evolvere, suscitare, tumultuari, haberi, regnare, versari, persuadere, salvare, perire, impendere, pervenire, vitare, sperare, servire, malle, admirari, potius, utrum, velut
Culture - Medus and Lydia on the open sea; introduction to the Vulgate
Capitulum XXIX –
Grammar & Morphology:
• use of the subjunctive mood in deliberative questions and in indirect questions
• “cum” clauses: “cum iterativum” with indicative mood & “cum” temporal and causal clauses with subjunctive mood
• use of the subjunctive in result clauses introduced by ut or ut non and in purpose (or “final”) clauses introduced by ut or ne
• additional uses of genitive case: of value, of charge/accusation
• accusative and infinitive of exclamation
Vocabulary – fundus, vita, lucrum, spes, divitiae, iactura, laetitia, tristitia, navigatio, delphinus, fides, fidicen, cantus, carmen, dorsum, maleficium, salus, fur, furtum, beneficium, tyrannus, felicitas, invidia, piscator, fortuna, remus, pretiosus, mirus, maestus, felix, notus, ignarus, nobilis, ignotus, rapidus, celsus, fallax, velox, dterrere, adicere, aestimare, remanere, queri, amittere, eripere, afficere, precari, perturbare, reducere, invidere, parcere, permittere, permovere, abstinere, desilire, desperare, allicere, subiere, exponere, apparere, stupere, confiteri, surripere, abicere, detrahere, suadere, donare, secare, recognoscere, finire, appropinquare, nonnulli, sese, frustra, inde, protinus, repente, quasi
Culture – Medus and Lydia in the boat; the merchant bewailing his lost merchandise; the captain recounts the stories of Arion (lyre player saved by a dolphin) and Polycrates (too fortunate a tyrant); the approach of another ship
Capitulum XXX –
Grammar & Morphology:
• distributive numerals: singuli, bini, terni, quaterni, quini, seni. . . deni
• hortatory subjunctive
• forms and uses of future perfect tense indicative active and passive
• frui (like uti) with ablative
• adverbs ending in –nter formed from adjectives ending in –ns
• pure i-stems (sitis, -is, f.)
• irregular noun vas, vasis, n.
Vocabulary – balneum, hospes, cena, iter, fames, sitis, bonum, triclinium, culina, cocus, minister, medium, convivium, conviva, genus, vas, argentum, holus, nux, caro, sal, calida, merum, libertinus, mel, inexspectatus, tardus, diligens, iucundus, molestus, imus, argenteus, gloriosus, acutus, merus, acerbus, dulcis, recipere, salvere iubere, visere, requiescere, frui, nuntiare, contrahere, praeesse, cenare, perferre, eligere, coquere, exornare, parare, sternere, accubare, accumbere, placere, gustare, aspergere, fundere, miscere, potare, liberare, apportare, proferre, exhaurire, complere, circiter, diu, paulisper, demum, pridem, equidem, sane
Culture – a dinner-party in the home of Julius and Aemilia: guests, triclinium, food, dining and conversation
Capitulum XXXI –
Grammar & Morphology:
• “optative” subjunctive (compared to “hortatory” subjunctive)
• gerundive (forms and use) as adjective and verbal form with dative of agent
• indefinite relative pronouns quisquis, quidquid
• the defective verb odi, odisse
• use of prepositions coram and super with ablative
• semideponent verbs audere, ausum esse and reverti, revertisse
Vocabulary – potio, rumor, memoria, munus, fides, crux, iuvenis, praemium, poena, ius, lex, parricida sclus, supplicium, mos, iniuria, senex, nugae, praesens, avarus, impatiens, infelix, asininus, fidus, infidus, fugitivus, nimius, clemens, iustus, iniustus, sapiens, scelestus, crudelis, vetus, invalidus, debilis, ebrius, nonagesimus, optare, interpellare, aufugere, auferre, fidere, confidere, cruciare, latere, retrahere, statuere, ignoscere, odisse, vetare, educare, abducere, fabulari, quidquid, quisquis, quantum, aliquantum, nimium, quamobrem, ideo, funditus, priusquam, namque, coram
Culture – the dinner-party continues with more conversation revolving around Julius’ runaway slave Medus, stories (including legend of Midas) and discussion of crime and punishment
Capitulum XXXII -
Grammar & Morphology:
• forms of the subjunctive mood perfect tense active and passive
• uses of perfect subjunctive: in indirect questions (completed action) & with ne to express prohibition (= noli + pres. inf.)
• more about optative subjunctive uses: with ne to express negative wishes, with utinam to intensify wish
• fear clauses: use of ne after verbs of fearing (metuere, timere, vereri) = “fear that. . .”
• verbs of forgetting and remembering (oblivisci, reminisci, meminisse) with genitive object
• indefinite pronouns and adverbs using ali- as a prefix: aliquis, aliquid, aliquot, aliquando, aliquantum, but dropping ali- in clauses beginning with si, nisi, num, ne
• impersonal expressions fit/accidit with ut + subjunctive
• ablative of description (ablativus qualitatis)
• partitive genitive with milia
• irregular noun vis, ___, f.
Vocabulary – servitus, incola, vis, vires, audacia, inopia, populus, classis, victoria, gens, victor, voluntas, gratia, poeta, amicitia, pirata, condicio, talentum, amphitheatrum, cursus, cunctus, infestus, carus, egregius, proximus, communis, gratus, vilis, internus, mercatorius, nubilus, adversus, inermis, mutuus, superbus, submergere, contemnere, praeponere, percurrere, tueri, remigare, adiuvare, flectere, educere, repugnare, dissuadere, praeferre, offerre, redimere, reminisci, meminisse, referre, minari, armare, desistere, aliquot, ubique, aliquando, interea, etiamnunc, donec, neu, seu, utinam
Culture – on board the boat with Medus and Lydia; discussion about pirates and how the Roman government dealt with them; Medus relates his personal history; Lydia forgives him
Capitulum XXXIII -
Grammar & Morphology:
• forms of the subjunctive mood pluperfect tense active and passive
• use of pluperfect subjunctive in “cum” clauses and indirect questions (after main clause past tense verb)
• unreal wishes and conditions (contrafactual subjunctive): imperfect subjunctive used for present wishes/conditions, pluperfect for past wishes/conditions
• uses of gerundives (modifying a noun) and gerunds (taking a noun as object) in expressing purpose, in prepositional phrases and in genitive or ablative usages
• future imperatives
Vocabulary – legio, cohors, agmen, ordo, acies, proelium, imperator, aetas, studium, stipendium, virtus, gaudium valetudo, amnis ratis, ripa, caedes, vulnus, pax, legatus, ensis, legionarius, idoneus, militaris, publicus, privatus, posterus, arduus, ridiculus, ulterior, citerior, incolumis, otiosus, dirus, horrendus, deni, seni, quini, quaterni, uni, trini, adiungere, progredi, instruere, hortatri, caedere, circumdare, munire, commemorare, studere, cogere, fatigare, properare, desiderare, transferre, effundere, praestare, transire, copulare, convocare, excurrere, procurrere, erumpere, vulnerare, fore, plerique, pridie, praecipue, tamdiu, quamdiu, diutius, fere, etenim, citra, ultra, secundum
Culture – military organization and terminology; a letter from Aemilia’s brother describing his life as a soldier at the front in Germany
Capitulum XXXIV –
Grammar & Morphology:
• introduction to poetry
• free word order
• meter based on syllable quantity: long and short syllables, as opposed to stress accent
• classification of “feet” based on type and number of syllables: trochees, iambs, dactyls, spondees
• classification of lines based on type and number of feet: hexameter, pentameter, hendecasyllabic
• the poetic plural
• in + accusative meaning “against”
• more verbs governing dative objects
• contraction of perfect and pluperfect tense signs
Vocabulary – scapellum, opera, ludus, certamen, gladiator, rete, spectator, palma, circus, auriga, theatrum, comoedia, ingenium, ratio, principium, fatum, gremium, tenebrae, lucerna, passer, deliciae, ocellus, mens, basium, odium, risus, cachinnus, aranea, epigramma, sinus, versiculus, anus, testis, opes, diphthongus, nota, turgidus, misellus, gladiatorius, circensis, scaenicus, acer, geminus, bellus, poeticus, venustus, mellitus, tenebricosus, ultimus, perpetuus, dubius, iocosus, serius, niveus, certare, laedere, implicare, plaudere, libere, favere, lugere, accendere, circumsilire, pipiare, devorare, conturbare, nubere, affirmare, requirere, excruciare, oscitare, sapere, erubescere, prosilire, elidere, libenter, plerumque, interdum, dummodo, dein, nil, trochaeus, iambus, dactylus, spondeus, hexameter, pentameter, hendecasyllabus
Culture – the dinner-party at the house of Julius and Aemilia continues with recitation of and discussion about poetry: exerpts from Ovid, Catullus and Martial
Capitulum XXXV –
Grammar & Morphology:
an exerpt from Ars Grammatica Minor by the grammarian Donatus reviewing the grammar presented in preceding chapters
Vocabulary – oratio, coniunctio, interiectio, Musa, scamnum, sacerdos, casus, comparatio, qualitas, quantitas, significatio, species, ira, affectus, admiratio, coniugatio, proprius, appelativus, positivus, optativus, copulativus, disunctivus, expletivus, causalis, rationalis, inconditus, similis, inflectere, demere, luctari, explanare, adnectere, ordinare, mentionem facere, dumtaxat, quidni forsitan, siquidem, quapropter, propterea, adversum, cis, en, eia, euax, papae, attat, synonymum
Culture – a grammar lesson as in the 4th century A.D.