CAPITULUM XX – GRAMMATICA

I. Future Tense

In this Chapter we learn the forms of the future tense. This tense refers to actions or conditions or events that will occur or are going to happen.

Example (lines 34-36): Initiō pater eum sustinēbit ac manū dūcet, mox vērō īnfāns sōlus ambulāre incipiet neque ā parentibus sustinēbitur neque manū dūcētur. ("At first the father will hold him up and lead him by the hand, but soon the infant will begin to walk by himself and will not be supported by his parents and led by the hand.")

Here is a chart for the forms in the active voice:

		first	second	third	fourth	esse
singular	ego	amābō	habēbō	regam	audiam	erō
	tū	amābis	habēbis	regēs	audiēs	eris
	is, ea, id	amābit	habēbit	reget	audiet	erit
plural	nōs	amābimus	habēbimus	regēmus	audiēmus	erimus
	vōs	amābitis	habēbitis	regētis	audiētis	eritis
	iī, eae, ea	amābunt	habēbunt	regent	audient	erunt

and here is a chart for the forms in the passive voice:

		first	second	third	fourth
singular	ego	amābor	habēbor	regar	audiar
	tū	amāberis	habēberis	regēris	audiēris
	is, ea, id	amābitur	habēbitur	regētur	audiētur
plural	nōs	amābimur	habēbimur	regēmur	audiēmur
	vōs	amābiminī	habēbiminī	regēminī	audiēminī
	iī, eae, ea	amābuntur	habēbuntur	regentur	audientur

A. As this indicates the tense sign for first and second conjugations verbs is “bi” and for verbs in the third and fourth conjugations is “ē.” There is some irregularity in the first person singular and in the third person plural, which just needs to be learned.

B. Basically you need to be attentive to spelling/pronunciation. If there is a “bo” or “bi” or “bu” in a first or second conjugation verb it is referring to something in the future. The same thing applies if a third or fourth conjugation verb has an “a” or an “e” in it where it would have an “o” or an “i” or a “u” if it were referring to something in the present.

C. Note, however, that in conditional statements (ones that have sī in them), our English idiom usually doesn’t use a “will” or a “shall” in the “if” clause.

Example (lines 90-91): vix ūnam hōram dormīre poterimus, sī īnfāns vāgiet. ("We will scarcely be able to sleep an hour, if the baby cries.")

II. Irregular verbs velle and nōlle - to want/be willing/wish; to not want, be unwilling, wish not. Here is a chart:

		velle	nōlle
singular	ego	volō	nōlō
	tū	vīs	nōn vīs
	is, ea, id	vult	nōn vult
plural	nōs	volumus	nōlumus
	vōs	vultis	nōn vultis
	iī, eae, ea	volunt	nōlunt

III. Domus is like cities, towns and small islands

A. The accusative domum is used without a preposition to express motion toward home. Post scholam nōs omnēs domum ībimus. ("After school we will all go home.")

B. The ablative domō is used without a preposition to express motion away from home. Mane nōs omnēs domō ad scholam adīmus. ("In the morning we all go from home to school.")

C. The locative domī is used without a preposition to express location at home. Aegrī puerī domī manent neque ad scholam eunt. ("Sick children stay at home and do not go to school.")

III. Verbs with special cases

A. Carēre (to be without, to lack, to want) governs an ablative of the thing which is lacking or wanting. Dīvitēs pecuniā nōn carent. ("Rich people do not lack money.")

B. Occurrere (to run up against, to run into, to encounter, to meet, to occur) governs a dative of whom or what is run into or up against or encountered or met. Syra, peristylum unā cum Iūliā intrāns, dominae suae in ōstiō occurrit. ("Syra, as she is entering the peristyle at the same time as Julia, meets her mistress in the doorway.")

IV. More forms of nōs and vōs

A. The ablative of “us” and “you” is nōbīs and vōbīs.

B. The dative of “us” and “you” is nōbīs and vōbīs..